Notes on migration

TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

Examples of different types of international migration

	Forced	Voluntary
LEDC to LEDC	Movements of Hindus and Muslims after the Partition of India Migration of Ethiopians into Sudan	Labour recruitment in Venezuela Indian labour to Trinidad
LEDC to MEDC	Expulsion of Asians from Uganda Evacuation of Tristan da Cunha	Turkish guest workers in Germany West Indian migrants to UK
MEDC to MEDC	Emigration of Jews from Germany Refugee movements in former Yugoslavia	Movement of Soviet Jews to Israel Retirement moves from UK to Spain
MEDC to LEDC	British penal settlements in Australia Pilgrim Fathers to USA	White settlers to British colonies Japanese branch plant staff in Indonesia

Do you think that the rural – urban distinction is important in international migration as well as national migration?

Impact of international migration

POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
COUNTRY OF DEPARTURE (SOURCE)
Relief of shortages eg food, housing, jobs, services Reduced pressure on resources Emigrants send money back to relatives Increased influence / awareness overseas If migrants return, they take new skills back with them Reduction of birth rate in overpopulated areas due to emigration of people of child-bearing age	Loss of human resources eg labour, enterprise, skills Communities and regions drawn into vicious circle of decline Growth of emigration culture Dependence on remittances Premature ageing of population due to emigration of younger people
COUNTRY OF ARRIVAL (HOST)
Enrichment of human resources i.e. enterprise, skills, capital Cultural diversification and emergence of a more multi-ethnic society Unwanted jobs filled by cheap labour Opening up of peripheral regions	Pressure on food supplies, housing, jobs, services, etc Discrimination against immigrants, particularly if members of ethnic minorities Congestion, particularly in major cities Spread of disease Predominance of males leading to social problems

Different types of government-led migration

Motives	International migration	Internal migration
Political	US selective immigration Expulsion of Ugandan Asians Vietnamese boat people	Israeli settlement of West Bank China’s Cultural Revolution Westminister Council’s displacement of tenants
Social	Manx policy to attract wealthy immigrants Export of UK orphans to colonies in the 19thC	Post-war overspill in UK Kibbutz movement in Israel
Ethnic / Religious	Evacuation in Ethiopian Jews Immigration control in UK Partition in India	Apartheid in South Africa Ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia Movement of Kurds in Iraq
Economic	Labour recruitment in Venezuela Australia’s populate or perish policy Turkish guest-workers in Germany	Ethiopian villagisation Indonesian transmigration Control movement in Romania